This trend also brings about a unique opportunity and good assurance for solving different critical problems in medical and healthcare systems as well as engineering applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Operations Research (OR). However, such an assurance strongly depends on the extent to which researchers can discover useful patterns, find informative mechanisms underlying the fragmented and diverse data sets, as well as convert this knowledge into intelligent decisions. AI techniques have been recently studied and applied as promising tools for the development and application of intelligent systems in the healthcare context. AI-based systems can generally learn from data and evolve according to real-time changes and fluctuations by considering the indisputable uncertainty of health data and processes. Many attempts have been made so far that employ different techniques including, inter alia, Machine Learning (ML), neural networks, optimization, computational intelligence and human–machine interface.